ABSTRACT
The statistical field of survival analysis focuses on the examination of time-to-event data. The proportional hazards (PH) model is the most widely used in multivariate survival analysis to examine the effects of various factors on survival time. The statistics, however, do not always support the PH models assumption of constant hazards. The power of the associated statistical tests is reduced when the PH assumption is broken, which leads to incorrect interpretation of the estimation results. The accelerated failure time (AFT) models, on the other hand, do not, like the PH model, assume constant hazards in the survival data. Additionally, the AFT models can be employed in place of the PH model if the constant hazards assumption violated. This study set out to examine how well the PH model and the AFT models performed when it came to identifying the proximate variables influencing under – five mortality from National Family Health Survey data in Uttar Pradesh. Three AFT models that were based on the Weibull, exponential, and log-normal distributions were the only ones discussed in this article. The research employing a graphical technique and a statistical test revealed that the NFHS-5 data set has non-proportional hazards. The log-normal AFT model was the most acceptable model among the ones studied, according to the Akaike information criterion (AIC).
ABSTRACT
Abstract Isochrysis galbana is a brown microalgae widely used as a feed for marine organism in aquaculture. The aim of present study is to investigate the growth, biochemical composition, fatty acid profile, photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity) of Isochrysis galbana cells cultivated under different levels (sub-optimum; 50 ± 1.5,optimum; 125 ± 2.5 and supra-optimum; 325 ± 3.5 µmol photons m-2 s -1) of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), and subsequently treated with different concentration of nitrate deprivation (8mM, 2mM and 0.5mM). The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions utilizing a factorial design 3x3 (light intensity and nitrate concentration). The result depicts that PAR positively influences the growth of Isochrysis galbana which is maximum under supra-optimum PAR. Nitrate deprivation (2mM & 0.5mM) induced decline in growth in terms of dry weight is observed as 60.1% & 61.9% in suboptimum and 26.5% and 34.9% in supra-optimum respectively over the values recorded in their respective controls. Supra-optimum PAR decreased primary photosynthetic pigment Chl a and Chl c by 15.7% and 8.5%, whereas carotenoid content increased by 45.9% in supra-optimum PAR which displays potential interest as antioxidant agent in addition to total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity. The results suggest that combined stress of high light and nitrogen deprivation shifts the metabolic physiology from protein synthesis to energy reserve (carbohydrate and lipid) and accumulation of saturated fatty acid on expense of unsaturated fatty acid except docosahexaenoic acid. These valuable compounds exhibit potential applications in mariculture, nutraceutical and biofuel industry.
Subject(s)
Pigments, Biological , Solar Radiation , Haptophyta , AntioxidantsABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to evaluate awareness and rational use of pictogram in non pharmacy students, further comparison of locally developed, appropriate pharmaceutical pictograms with pictograms appearing in the 1991 edition of the USP-DI (United States Pharmacopoeia Dispensing Information). Twenty pictograms from the USP-DI and corresponding set of 20 locally developed pictograms conveying a medication instruction was evaluated. Respondents were evaluated for their interpretation of all 40 pictograms. The correct meaning of each pictogram was explained at the end of the study. Preference for either the Local or USP pictograms was determined. The evaluation results revealed that 61% pictograms were understood and answered correctly by Non Pharmacy Undergraduates and 56% by Non Pharmacy postgraduates. Also it was found that out of the 140 respondents only one respondent had voted for all the 20 locally prepared pictograms and had preferred absolutely no USP pictogram. Out of total number of respondents in non pharmacy undergraduates and postgraduates, 53% and 61% respondents preferred USP pictograms over local pictograms respectively. Thus USP pictograms were preferred over local. This clearly shows that USP pictograms are better understood compared to the local pictograms among all non pharmacy students.